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The application of psychiatry to war and terrorism is highly topical and a source of intense media interest. Shell Shock to PTSD explores the central issues involved in maintaining the mental health of the armed forces and treating those who succumb to the intense stress of combat. Drawing on historical records, recent findings and interviews with veterans and psychiatrists, Edgar Jones and Simon Wessely present a comprehensive analysis of the evolution of military psychiatry. The psychological disorders suffered by servicemen and women from 1900 to the present are discussed and related to contemporary medical priorities and health concerns. This book provides a thought-provoking evaluation of the history and practice of military psychiatry, and places its findings in the context of advancing medical knowledge and the developing technology of warfare. It will be of interest to practicing military psychiatrists and those studying psychiatry, military history, war studies or medical history.

Healing War Trauma details a broad range of exciting approaches for healing from the trauma of war. The techniques described in each chapter are designed to complement and supplement cognitive-behavioral treatment protocols—and, ultimately, to help clinicians transcend the limits of those protocols. For those veterans who do not respond productively to—or who have simply little interest in—office-based, regimented, and symptom-focused treatments, the innovative approaches laid out in Healing War Trauma will inspire and inform both clinicians and veterans as they chart new paths to healing.

Empathy in the Treatment of Trauma and PTSD examines how professionals are psychologically impacted by their work with trauma clients. A national research study provides empirical evidence, documenting the struggle for professionals to maintain therapeutic equilibrium and empathic attunement with their trauma clients. Among the many important findings of this study, all participants reported being emotionally and psychologically affected by the work, often quite profoundly leading to changes in worldview, beliefs about the nature of humankind and the meaning of life.John P. Wilson and Rhiannon Thomas set out to understand how to heal those who experience empathic strain in the course of their professional specialization. The data included in the book allows for the development of conceptual dynamic models of effective management of empathic strain, which may cause vicarious traumatization, burnout and serious countertransference processes.

Military psychology has become one of the world’s fastest-growing disciplines with ever-emerging new applications of research and development. The Routledge International Handbook of Military Psychology and Mental Health is a compendium of chapters by internationally renowned scholars in the field, bringing forth the state of the art in the theory, practice and future prospects of military psychology. This uniquely interdisciplinary volume deliberates upon the current issues and applications of military psychology not only within the military organization and the discipline of psychology, but also in the larger context of its role of building a better world. Split into three parts dedicated to specific themes, the first part of the book, \"Military Psychology: The Roots and the Journey,\" provides an overview of the evolution of the discipline over the years, delving into concepts as varied as culture and cognition in the military, a perspective on the role of military psychology in future warfare and ethical issues. The second part, \"Soldiering: Deployment and Beyond,\" considers the complexities involved in soldiering in view of the changing nature of warfare, generating a focal discourse on various aspects of military leadership, soldier resilience and post-traumatic growth in the face of extreme situations, bravery and character strengths and transitioning to civilian life. In the final section, \"Making a Choice: Mental Health Issues and Prospects in the Military,\" the contributors focus on the challenges and practices involved in maintaining the mental health of the soldier, covering issues ranging from stress, mental health and well-being, through to suicide risk and its prevention, intervention and management strategies, moral injury and post-traumatic stress disorder. Incorporating enlightening contributions of eminent scholars from around the world, the volume is a comprehensive repository of current perspectives and future directions in the domain of military psychology. It will prove a valuable resource for mental health practitioners, military leaders, policy-makers and academics and students across a range of disciplines.

Posttraumatic Stress Disorder remains one of the most contentious and poorly understood psychiatric disorders. Evolution and Posttraumatic Stress provides a valuable new perspective on its nature and causes. This book is the first to examine PTSD from an evolutionary perspective. Beginning with a review of conventional theories, Chris Cantor provides a clear and succinct overview of the history, clinical features and epidemiology of PTSD before going on to introduce and integrate evolutionary theory. Subjects discussed include: The evolution of human defensive behaviours A clinical perspective of PTSD Defence in overdrive: evolution, PTSD and parsimony This original presentation of PTSD as a defensive strategy describes how the use of evolutionary theory provides a more coherent and successful model for diagnosis, greatly improving understanding of usually mystifying symptoms. It will be of great interest to psychiatrists, psychotherapists, psychologists, and anthropologists. Part I: Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: An Introduction. A Brief History of PTSD. The Long and the Short. The World Wars. Early Conceptualization of Traumatic Reactions. Science and Politics in Recent Times. Muddy Waters. Early Ethological Speculations. Summary. A Clinical Perspective of PTSD. PTSD as a Concept. The DSM-IV Criteria for PTSD. The Nature of Traumas and Frequency of PTSD. The Influence of Perception. Trauma and Symptom Course. War Studies. Complex PTSD. Delayed PTSD. Subthreshold PTSD. Summary. Conventional Theories of PTSD. Learning, Controllability and Predictability. Of Rats and Men. Learned Helplessness. Controllability and Predictability. Flaws of Overly Simplistic Conditioning Theories. Preparedness. Observations From Combat and Torture. Controllability and PTSD. Summary. Myopia and 21st Century Neuroscience. Proximate versus Distal Perspective. The Triune Brain. 21 st century? Facial Emotions. Essential Neuroanatomy of PTSD. Neurochemistry and PTSD. Conditioning Studies and Functional Anatomy. Neurogenesis and Plasticity. Summary. Indelible Memories, Forgetfulness and Defence. The Evolution of Memory and Awareness. State-dependent Memory and Memory Laws. Fear as a Component of a Behavioural Module. Special Police Training Insights. Emotions as Communicational States. Information Processing and PTSD. Summary. Part II: Evolution and Posttraumatic Stress Disorders. The Evolution of Human Defensive Behaviours. Ancestral Origins and Predation Pressure. In the Beginning Learning and Defence. Common Evolutionary Misconceptions. Summary. Reptilian and Mammalian Defences. Predation and Defence. Reptilian Defence. Mammalian Defence. Adaptive Conservatism and Evolutionary Stable Strategies. Summary. Predator Avoidance, Anti-predator Strategies and Foraging. The Functions of Emotions. The Ecology of Threats. Influences of Predation. Vigilance, Prey Decision-making and Activity. Cost, Benefits and Predator Sensitive Foraging. Primate Foraging Decision Studies. Summary. Family Foibles and Early Hominids. The Pathway to Humankind. Hominids. Primate and Great Ape Extrapolations. Group Size in Great Apes. Primate Research Limitations. Paleoanthropology. Hominids as Scavengers and Prey. Hunter-gatherers. Summary. Defence in Overdrive: Evolution, PTSD and Parisomony. An Evolutionary Theory of PTSD. PTSD Symptom Criteria Revisited. Adaptive or Maladaptive: the Relevance of Subthreshold States. Conclusions. Perspectives and Possibilities: Vigilance, Avoidance and Attentive Immobility. Vigilance. Predator Sensitive Foraging and PTSD: Fertile Pasture or Blind Alley? A Zonal Approach to PTSD. Avoidance. Attentive Immobility. Neurophysiology, Diagnostic Research Tests and Beyond. Conclusions. He who Fights and Runs Away...Withdrawal, Aggressive Defence and Numbing. Withdrawal. Refuging. Group Size and Individual Defence. Aggressive Defence. Numbing. Conclusions. The Paradox of Appeasement. A Hidden Problem. Appeasement Functions. A Context for Fear based Appeasement. The Stockholm Syndrome. Complex PTSD. Conclusions. A Last Resort: Tonic Immobility. Desperate Measures. Hysteria or PTSD? Future Research Directions. Conclusions. Agonic Switching, Preparedness and Psychobiological Response Patterns. Why Do We Not All Suffer PTSD if it is Adaptive? Life in Times of Threat. The Agonic Switch. Preparedness. Non-archetypal Traumas. Psychobiological Response Patterns. Trauma Contexts and Responses. Conclusions. Epilogue - PTSD in other Species? Chris Cantor is Adjunct Senior Lecturer in Psychiatry at the University of Queensland, Australia. 'Chris Cantor offers a fascinating theory of evolutionary PTSD... extremely well supported by research references and offers an unusual slant on this important topic.' - Brenda Mallon, Therapy Today, November 2005 Overall Evolution and Post-traumatic Stress is effective in providing a clear yet detailed alternative perspective to PTSD. With the use of evidence-based theories ans frequent case examples, this evolutionary stance may well provide a deeper understanding of the difficulties encountered by people experiencing this form of Trauma. - Kate Lester, from The Journal of Critical Psychology, Counselling and Psychotherapy, (Vol 7, No 3) Autumn 2007

\"The literature on psychological trauma and traumatic attachment has progressed over the past few decades, however issues of coerced and internalized perpetration have not been fully explored and deconstructed. This book presents a synthesis of relational and archetypal psychology, trauma and dissociation theory, and highly relevant child soldier literature, to offer new clinical perspectives to assist psychotherapists and trauma patients to achieve more successful therapy outcomes. The Alchemy of Wolves and Sheep offers instructive, cautionary and innovative therapeutic approaches to help transform the lives of survivors of complex trauma. Offering an explanation of how the effects of coerced perpetration trauma are built, and the damage done to the psyches and lives of most trauma victims, the book extends our knowledge base in a thorough deconstruction of the nature of perpetration and its effects on the psyche. Chapters include: - trauma, dissociation, and coerced perpetration - the child soldier as a model of internalized perpetration - relational concepts in the treatment of trauma and dissociative disorders - treatment trajectory - archetypal constructs as a vehicle for integration. This book provides valuable new perspectives on the psychodynamic challenges and opportunities for mental health professionals treating internalized perpetration in survivors of complex trauma, and will prove essential reading for psychotherapists, psychoanalysts and post-graduate students as well as researchers, legal scholars and policy makers\"--

\"The study of dissociation is relevant to anyone undertaking research or treatment of mental health problems. Cognitive Behavioural Approaches to the Understanding and Treatment of Dissociation uses a cognitive approach to de-mystify the processes involved in linking traumatic incidents to their effects. Kennedy, Kennerley and Pearson present a full and comprehensive understanding of mental health problems involving dissociative disorders and their treatment, bringing together an international range of experts. Each chapter addresses a single topic in full, including assessment of previous research from a cognitive perspective, recommendations for treatment and case studies to illustrate clinical approaches. Using an evidence-based scientific approach combined with the wisdom of clinical experience, the authors make the relevance of dissociation immediately recognisable to those familiar with PTSD, dissociative identity disorder, eating disorders, hallucinations and a wide range of psychological and non-organic physical health disorders. Designed to provide new perspectives on both research and treatment, Cognitive Behavioural Approaches to the Understanding and Treatment of Dissociation includes a wide range of material that will appeal to clinicians, academics and students\"--

In Trauma, Culture, and Metaphor, John Wilson and Jacob Lindy explore the language of both individual and collective trauma in an era dominated by globalization and interconnectedness. Through lucid, careful discussion, this important book builds a bridge between the etymology of trauma-related terms commonly used in Western cultures and those of other cultures, such as the Burundi-Rwandan ihahamuka. It also provides the clinician with a framework for working with trauma survivors using a cross-cultural vocabulary—one often based in metaphor—to fully address the experienced trauma and to begin work on reconnection and self-reinvention.

A heartfelt collection of extraordinary first-person accounts that delve into every level of the experience of 9/11 Out of the infamy of 9/11 and its aftermath people rose up with courage and determination to meet formidable challenges. On the Ground After September 11: Mental Health Responses and Practical Lessons Gained is a stirring compilation of over a hundred personal and professional first-hand accounts of the entire experience, from the moment the first plane slammed into the North Tower of the World Trade Center, to the months mental health professionals worked to ease the pain and trauma of others even while they themselves were traumatized. This remarkable chronicle reveals the breadth and depth of human need and courage along with the practical organizational considerations encountered in the responses to terrorist attacks. The goal of any terrorist act is to instill psychosocial damage to a society to effect change. On the Ground After September 11 provides deep insight into the damage the attack had on our own society, the failures and victories within our response systems, and the path of healing that mental health workers need to travel to be of service to their clients. Personal accounts written by the professionals and public figures involved reveal the broad range of responses to this traumatic event and illuminate how mental health services can most effectively be delivered. Through the benefit of hindsight, recommendations are described for ways to better finance assistance, adapt the training of mental health professionals, and modify organizations' response to the needs of victims in this type of event. Reading these unique personal accounts of that day and the difficult days that followed provides a thoughtful, moving, rational view of what is truly needed in times of disaster. On the Ground After September 11 includes the first-person experiences and lessons learned from the people of: NYU Downtown Hospital NYC Department of Health and Mental Hygiene NY Metropolitan Transportation Council St. Paul's Chapel St. Vincent Hospital - Manhattan Safe Horizon LifeNet WTC Incident Command Center at NYC Medical Examiner's office New Jersey's Project Phoenix Massachusetts Department of Mental Health the military psychiatric response to the Pentagon attack Connecticut's Center for Trauma Response, Recovery, and Preparedness the Staten Island Relief Center Barrier Free Living Inc. for people with disabilities the Federal Emergency Management Agency Alianza Dominicana, Inc. Staten Island Mental Health Society the United Airlines Emergency Response Team for Flight 93 The Center for Trauma Response, Recovery, and Preparedness (CTRP) Disaster Mental Health Services (DMHS) at Dulles International Airport the American Red Cross the Respite Center at the Great White Tent HealthCare Chaplaincy The Salvation Army the Islamic Circle of North America The Coalition of Voluntary Mental Health Agencies, Inc. F*E*G*S the Jewish Board of Family and Children's Services (JBFCS) and many, many more On the Ground After September 11: Mental Health Responses and Practical Lessons Gained poignantly illustrates that regardless of profession, culture, religion, or age, every life touched by 9/11 will never be the same. This is essential reading for counselors, psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, therapists, trauma specialists, educators, and students. About the Editors Contributors Foreword (James L. Stone) Acknowledgments Introduction (Yael Danieli and Robert L. Dingman) PART I: THE FIRST DAYS 1. The Hospital in Its Community (William Wang) 2. Reflections on the Public Health and Mental Health Response to 9/11 (Neal L. Cohen) 3. Portraits of Life (Gerry Bogacz) 4. Collapsing (Natacha Giai) 5. The Future of Our Past: Some Thoughts on 9/11 and Moving Forward (Father Lyndon Harris) 6. Healing in the Aftermath of 9/11: Recovery from Suffering and Grief for the Community and Its Caregivers (Spencer Eth and Susan E. Sabor) 7. My Own 9/11: The Day That Shaped Me (Itai Nartzizenfield Sneh) 8. A Flashback (Frederick Terna) 9. Safe Horizon's Response to 9/11: Reflections on the Past and a Renewed Focus on the Future (Nancy Arnow) 10. LifeNet and 9/11: The Central Role (John Draper) 11. Coping from a Distance: Experience of a Visitor to New York on September 11, 2001 (Lisa Fenger) 12. Challenges in Identification: The World Trade Center Dead (Shiya Ribowsky) 13. 9/11/01 (Ami Orava) 14. A View from the Ground (Maria Ragonese) 15. At the Ballpark (Lisa Ann Brooks) 16. 9/11 and People with Disabilities (Paul B. Feuerstein) 17. Everyday Courage on September 11 (Alan Clive) 18. Providing Disaster Mental Health Services to People with Disabilities After September 11: Successes and Lessons Learned (Jennifer Mincin) 19. Across the River: New Jersey's Response to 9/11 (Steven M. Crimando and Gladys Padro) 20. Massachusetts Behavioral Health Response to September 11 (Darrin Donato) 21. On the Ground After September 11: Lessons Learned from the Relief Efforts to the Latino Community in New York City (Genoveva [Milagros] Batista) 22. Strategic Communications and Mental Health: The WTC Attacks, 1993 and 2001 (Michael Cohen) 23. I am Alone in My Grief, But I am Not (Holly Devine O'Neill) 24. Staten Island Mental Health Society Response from September 11 to the Present (Nathalie Weeks) 25. Family Matters (Joseph A. Marotta) 26. Why I Can't Write This (Grant H. Brenner) 27. Development of a Behavioral Health Disaster Preparedness System in the Wake of September 11: The Center for Trauma Response, Recovery, and Preparedness (CTRP) (Julian D. Ford, Wayne F. Dailey, and Kathryn S. Dean) 28. The September 11, 2001, Attacks at the Pentagon: One Disaster Mental Health Responder's Story (Howard B. Smith) 29. 9/11: The Great Equalizer (Vita Iacovone) 30. Military Psychiatrists During the Pentagon Attack: Personal Reflections (Colonel Elspeth Cameron Ritchie and Colonel Stephen J. Cozza) 31. The American Red Cross and September 11th Fund Mental Health Disaster Response (Erica Lowry and Gerald McCleery) 32. Mental Health Response to Pentagon Staff in the Weeks Following the Attack (Thomas A. Grieger and John W. Knowles) 33. Memories of September 11, 2001 (Susan E. Hamilton) 34. And the Birds Came Back (Robert E. Hayes) 35. Responding to United Airlines Flight 93: Bearing Witness to the Brave Who Chose to Fight for Their Freedom (Margaret M. Pepe) 36. Reflections on 9/11-Related ARC Activities Following the Terrorist Actions in Western Pennsylvania and New York City (John D. Weaver) 37. The E-Mail That Traveled the World (Joan Caruso) 38. September 11, 2001: A Military Member's Perspective (Major Jill R. Scheckel) 39. The Great White Tent: A Mental Health Response at Ground Zero (Jill Hofmann) 40. How 9/11 Changed My Life (Anthony T. Ng) 41. Working with Groups After 9/11 (Randi S. Cohen) 42. Taking It to

The new edition of the classic Helping Traumatized Families not only offers clinicians a unified, evidence-based theory of the systemic impact of traumatic stress—it also details a systematic approach to helping families heal by promoting their natural healing resources. Though the impact of trauma on a family can be growth producing, some families either struggle or fail to adapt successfully. Helping Traumatized Families guides practitioners around common pitfalls and toward a series of evidence-based strategies that they can use to help families feel empowered and ultimately to thrive by developing tools for enhancing resilience and self-regulation.